Variables sociofamiliares asociadas a mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad abdominal en niños escolares de un servicio de pediatría en Colima, México / Socio-family variables associated with a higher risk of overweight and abdominal obesity in school children from a pediatric service at Colima, Mexico

Con el fin de identificar la asociación entre factores familiares (estructura, funcionalidad y contexto socioeconómico) y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad abdominal en escolares, se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en 120 niños escolares (5-11 años) y sus madres que acudieron a un servicio de atención pediátrica en la ciudad de Colima, México. El sobrepeso se definió con el indicador IMC con un puntaje Z > +1 desviación estándar y la obesidad abdominal como circunferencia de cintura > del percentil 75 por sexo y edad. Se evaluó tamaño y tipo de familia, tipo de hogar, relación de los padres y funcionalidad familiar. Las asociaciones se analizaron con regresión logística múltiple. Se encontró 33% de sobrepeso y 33,7% de obesidad abdominal. El menor tamaño de la familia, la mayor marginalidad de la colonia (barrio) de residencia, la percepción de problemas en la economía familiar, el mayor peso al nacer y la mayor edad se asociaron con el sobrepeso. Mientras que el menor tamaño de la familia, el mayor peso al nacer y la mayor edad se asociaron con obesidad abdominal. Para programas de prevención de sobrepeso y obesidad abdominal, sugerimos incluir un enfoque de sistemas familiares que considere el tamaño de la familia y variables del contexto socioeconómico, ya que condicionan su dinámica de interacción(AU)

To identify the association between family factors (structure, functionality, and socioeconomic context) and the presence of overweight and abdominal obesity in school children, an analytical cross-sectional study was performed in 120 schoolchildren (5-11 years old) and their mothers assisting to a pediatric care service at Colima City, Mexico. Overweight was defined with the BMI indicator with a Z-score > +1 standard deviation and abdominal obesity as a waist circumference > 75th percentile by sex and age. Family size and type, type of home, parents' relationship, and family functionality were evaluated. Associations were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. Overweight was present in 33%, and abdominal obesity in 33.7% of the children. A smaller family size, greater neighborhood marginality, a perception of problems in the family economy, a larger birth weight and older age were associated with overweight. A smaller family size, higher birth weight and older age were associated with abdominal obesity. We suggest a family systems approach, including family size and variables of socioeconomic context -which determine their interaction dynamics-, in programs for overweight and abdominal obesity prevention(AU)

Association of the -629C>A (rs1800775) CETP Polymorphism with the Development of Essential Hypertension in Mexican Population.

Introduction: Polymorphisms in the CETP gene promoter have been associated with cardiovascular risk and lipid alterations; however, their role in the development of hypertension has not been extensively explored. We evaluated four polymorphisms of the CEPT gene -827C>T, -631C>A, -630C>A, and -629C>A in patients with essential hypertension (EH). Materials and Methods: A total of 160 hypertensive (HT) patients and 160 normotensive (NT) individuals were studied. Blood pressure was measured and blood samples were collected for biochemical anlayses and DNA extraction. Polymorphisms were identified using Sanger sequencing. Genotype, genotype combination, allele, and haplotype frequencies were analyzed. Associations between the SNPs and EH were explored using multiple linear regression models. Results: Under the dominant model, the -629A allele reduced the odds of having EH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.98; p = 0.04), whereas the genotype combination -631CC/-629CC increased the risk of HT (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.23-3.95, p = 0.008). In HT patients, the -629A allele was associated with increased insulin levels (ß = 4.0, 95% CI, 1.21-6.68, p = 0.005), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (ß = 0.9, 95% CI, 0.17-1.72, p = 0.018), and in NT individuals it was associated with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (ß = 3.0, 95% CI, 0.20-5.78, p = 0.036). Conclusion: The CETP -629A allele reduces the odds of having essential arterial hypertension in the Mexican population. Moreover, it exerts a variable effect on diverse biomarkers analyzed in both NT and HT groups.

Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate association of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 654 adolescents from Guadalajara, Jalisco, participated in a cross-sectional study. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire; 24 food groups were integrated, and dietary patterns were derived using cluster analysis. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Cook and colleagues, Ford and colleagues, and de Ferranti and colleagues criteria. RESULTS: Dietary patterns identified were: "DP1", "DP2", and "DP3". Among males, "DP3" was associated with MetS (Cook and collaborators) (OR, 12.14; 95%CI, 1.66-89.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 3.89; 95%CI, 1.01-15.07), and insulin resistance (OR, 6.66; 95%CI, 1.12-39.70). "DP2" was associated with abdominal obesity (OR, 5.11; 95%CI, 1.57-16.66). CONCLUSIONS: "DP3" entertained a greater risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while "DP2" possessed a greater risk of abdominal obesity among adolescent males.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación de patrones dietarios (PD) con síndrome metabólico (SM) y marcadores metabólicos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con 654 adolescentes. Dieta evaluada con el cuestionario "frecuencia de consumos de alimentos"; se identificaron 24 grupos de alimentos, para obtener PD mediante análisis de conglomerados. SM se definió según los criterios: Federación de Diabetes Internacional (IDF), Cook y colaboradores, Ford y colaboradores y Ferranti y colaboradores. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron tres PD: "PD1", "PD2" y "PD3". En hombres, "PD3" se asoció con SM (Cook y colaboradores) (RM, 12.14; IC95%, 1.66-89.05), hipertrigliceridemia (RM, 3.89; IC95%, 1.01-15.07) y resistencia a insulina (RM, 6.66; IC95%, 1.12-39.70). El patrón "PD2" se asoció con obesidad abdominal (RM, 5.11; IC95%, 1.57- 16.66). CONCLUSIONES: El patrón "PD3" aumenta el riesgo de SM, hipertrigliceridemia y resistencia a insulina y el "PD2" el riesgo de obesidad abdominal en adolescentes hombres.

Associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome in adolescents / Asociación entre patrones de alimentación y síndrome metabólico en adolescentes

Abstract: Objective: Evaluate association of dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic markers. Materials and methods: 654 adolescents from Guadalajara, Jalisco, participated in a cross-sectional study. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire; 24 food groups were integrated, and dietary patterns were derived using cluster analysis. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Cook and colleagues, Ford and colleagues, and de Ferranti and colleagues criteria. Results: Dietary patterns identified were: "DP1", "DP2", and "DP3". Among males, "DP3" was associated with MetS (Cook and collaborators) (OR, 12.14; 95%CI, 1.66-89.05), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 3.89; 95%CI, 1.01-15.07), and insulin resistance (OR, 6.66; 95%CI, 1.12-39.70). "DP2" was associated with abdominal obesity (OR, 5.11; 95%CI, 1.57-16.66). Conclusions: "DP3" entertained a greater risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance, while "DP2" possessed a greater risk of abdominal obesity among adolescent males.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de patrones dietarios (PD) con síndrome metabólico (SM) y marcadores metabólicos. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal con 654 adolescentes. Dieta evaluada con el cuestionario "frecuencia de consumos de alimentos"; se identificaron 24 grupos de alimentos, para obtener PD mediante análisis de conglomerados. SM se definió según los criterios: Federación de Diabetes Internacional (IDF), Cook y colaboradores, Ford y colaboradores y Ferranti y colaboradores. Resultados: Se identificaron tres PD: "PD1", "PD2" y "PD3". En hombres, "PD3" se asoció con SM (Cook y colaboradores) (RM, 12.14; IC95%, 1.66-89.05), hipertrigliceridemia (RM, 3.89; IC95%, 1.01-15.07) y resistencia a insulina (RM, 6.66; IC95%, 1.12-39.70). El patrón "PD2" se asoció con obesidad abdominal (RM, 5.11; IC95%, 1.57-16.66). Conclusiones: El patrón "PD3" aumenta el riesgo de SM, hipertrigliceridemia y resistencia a insulina y el "PD2" el riesgo de obesidad abdominal en adolescentes hombres.

Interleukin-1 Alpha Polymorphisms Are Associated With Body Mass Index in Male But Not in Female Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The Interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines plays a key role in the inflammatory response. Genes coding for IL-1α, IL-1ß, and IL-1Ra are located together as a block gene known as the IL-1 cluster. This genomic region shows wide nucleotide variability, and some polymorphisms have been widely studied and associated with features related to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Eight polymorphisms within three genes of the IL-1 cluster, including IL1A (rs3783553, rs17561, and rs1800587), IL1B (rs1143634, rs1143627, and rs16944) and IL1RN (rs419598 and rs2234663) were genotyped in 460 Mexican adolescents. Genotype and haplotype frequencies are reported, as well as the linkage disequilibrium analysis. Genetic associations with some anthropometric and metabolic traits were evaluated. RESULTS: Allele frequencies were similar to those found in other populations, and genotype proportions were according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Seven haplotypes were observed at frequencies ≥5%. Of the entire cluster, only the rs17561-rs1800587 and rs1143627-rs16944 pairs showed highest and significant linkage disequilibrium values. An haplotype of IL1A, rs17561T-rs1800587T, was significantly associated with increase in body mass index in males (p <0.008), whereas IL1B and IL1RN variants showed associations with insulin, and hs-CRP (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Some MetS parameters seem to be influenced by variations in the IL-1 gene cluster in Mexican adolescents. These variations may confer risk for metabolic alterations from early ages, and and these risks may be different when variables such as sex are considered. Strategies leading to generate protective behaviors could be designed to take into account specific variations in the IL-1 gene cluster and biological conditions such as sex.

Bullying and health-related quality of life in children and adolescent Mexican students.

Previous studies have reported a relationship between being a victim of bullying, but no studies have been carried out with Mexican students; notwithstanding the high scores of bullying in Mexico in international rankings. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between being a victim of bullying and lower HRQoL among schoolchildren and adolescents in Mexico. This cross-sectional and correlational study involved 2225 students from 22 elementary, middle and high schools. HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire and bullying with the social adaptation dimension of KIDSCREEN-52. Bivariate associations were evaluated, and a multivariate logistic regression was utilized. The prevalence of victims of bullying was 17.3%. Being a victim of bullying was double the risk of having a lower HRQoL than not being a victim after adjusting for health perception, gender and age, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). As the Wilson and Cleary Model of Quality of Life explains, individual characteristics, such as, being a victim of bullying are associated with quality of life. Similar findings in the existing literature imply that bullying is a global phenomenon that impacts the victimized child or adolescent's life in different ways.

Bullying and health-related quality of life in children and adolescent Mexican students / "Bullying" e qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde de crianças e adolescentes escolares mexicanos

Abstract Previous studies have reported a relationship between being a victim of bullying, but no studies have been carried out with Mexican students; notwithstanding the high scores of bullying in Mexico in international rankings. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between being a victim of bullying and lower HRQoL among schoolchildren and adolescents in Mexico. This cross-sectional and correlational study involved 2225 students from 22 elementary, middle and high schools. HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire and bullying with the social adaptation dimension of KIDSCREEN-52. Bivariate associations were evaluated, and a multivariate logistic regression was utilized. The prevalence of victims of bullying was 17.3%. Being a victim of bullying was double the risk of having a lower HRQoL than not being a victim after adjusting for health perception, gender and age, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). As the Wilson and Cleary Model of Quality of Life explains, individual characteristics, such as, being a victim of bullying are associated with quality of life. Similar findings in the existing literature imply that bullying is a global phenomenon that impacts the victimized child or adolescent's life in different ways.

Resumo Pesquisas prévias informaram que ser vítima de "bullying" se associa à menor Qualidade de Vida Relacionada com a Saúde (QVRS); mas nenhuma foi realizada em estudantes Mexicanos apesar dos altos índices de "bullying" mostrados para o México nos rankings internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre ser vítima de "bullying" e QVRS. Este estudo transversal e de correlação incluiu 2225 crianças e adolescentes de 22 escolas de nível básico, médio básico e médio superior. A QVRS foi avaliada com o questionário KIDSCREEN-10 e o "bullying" com a dimensão de aceitação social do KIDSCREEN-52. Analisaram-se as associações bivariadas, verificou-se confusão e interação, e utilizou-se regressão logística multivariável. A prevalência de vítimas de "bullying" foi de 17.3%. Ser vítima de "bullying" obteve um risco de mais do dobro de QVRS inferior que não ser vítima, depois de ajustar pela percepção de saúde, gênero e idade, OR 2.3 (1.7-3.1). No mesmo sentido que o referido pelo Modelo de Wilson e Cleary, em estudantes mexicanos com características individuais como ser vítima de "bullying", associam-se à QVRS, descoberta similar ao encontrado na literatura existente o que implica que o "bullying" é um fenômeno global que se reflete em diferentes aspectos da vida em crianças e adolescentes vitimizados.

Metabolic and genetic markers' associations with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in adolescents, is a feature of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are risk factors for NAFLD, as well as inflammation-related genetic markers. The relationship between metabolic or inflammation-related genetic markers and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is not fully understood. We examined the relationship of MetS, metabolic and inflammation-related genetic markers with elevated ALT in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 674 adolescents participated in a cross-sectional study in Guadalajara, Mexico. Elevated ALT (>40 IU/L), a surrogate marker of NAFLD, and MetS (International Diabetes Federation definition) were evaluated. Obesity, IR, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) and genetic markers (TNFA-308G>A, CRP+1444C>T, IL1RN and IL6-597/-572/-174 haplotype) were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: Elevated ALT was observed in 3% and 14.1% (total and obese, respectively) of the adolescents. Obesity (odds ratio [OR], 5.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.16-25.89), insulin (OR, 8.51; 95% CI, 2.61-27.71), IR (OR, 9.10; 95% CI, 2.82-29.38), total cholesterol (TC) (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.25-10.72), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.06-8.33), non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.27-11.90) and IL1RN (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.10-19.53) were associated with elevated ALT. Among males, ≥2 MetS criteria were associated with elevated ALT (OR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.14-15.71). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, insulin, IR, high TC, high LDL-C, high non-HDL-C and IL1RN polymorphism were associated with elevated ALT. Among males, ≥2 MetS criteria were associated with elevated ALT. There is an urgent need to reduce obesity and IR in adolescents to prevent NAFLD.

Circulating Levels of Soluble Klotho and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Diabetic Patients and Its Association with Early Nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In diabetes, changes in serum levels of both soluble alpha Klotho (sKL) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) have been associated with CKD progression. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations of circulating levels of sKL and FGF-23 with the presence of early nephropathy (EN) in diabetic patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 136 Mexicans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Early nephropathy was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (≥60 ml/min) and urinary albumin excretion (≥30 mg/g). Serum concentrations of sKL and FGF-23 were measured using ELISA. Associations were evaluated with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty-two subjects had EN. Median values of sKL and FGF-23 for all individuals were 244 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 201-402) and 92 pg/mL (IQR: 39-507), respectively. A positive correlation was found between levels of sKL and FGF-23 (r = 0.38; p <0.001). FGF-23 levels correlated negatively with angiotensin-II receptor blocker therapy (ARB, r = 0.24; p <0.01). Subjects without EN were younger (59 vs. 63 years old, p = 0.02). Elevated concentrations of FGF-23 were negatively associated with EN (Odds Ratio [ORadjusted] = 0.29, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.13, 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: In Mexican diabetic patients, serum levels of FGF-23 were positively correlated with sKL but negatively correlated with ARB therapy. In addition, a higher concentration of FGF-23 reduced the odds of early nephropathy in patients with T2DM.

Analysis of cytokine gene polymorphisms in Mestizo and native populations from Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the well-known genetic structure of the Mexican population observed with other multiallelic markers can be detected by analyzing functional polymorphisms of cytokine and other inflammatory-response-related genes. METHODS: A total of 834 Mestizo individuals from five Mexican cities and 92 Lacandonians - an Amerindian group from southeastern Mexico - were genotyped for 14 polymorphisms in the CRP, IL10, IL6, TGFB1, TNFA, LTA, ICAM1 IFNG, and IL1RN genes. Allele and haplotype frequencies were used for genetic structure analysis using F-statistics pairwise distances and multidimensional scaling plot. Ancestry analysis was performed, as well. RESULTS: Significant interpopulational differences at the allele and haplotype frequency level were observed, mainly between Northern (Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Culiacan) and Southern (Tierra Blanca and Puebla) Mexican populations. Also, low but significant substructure was detected between some populations from these two broad regions. Interestingly, both Lacandonian populations were highly differentiated from each other and with respect to Mestizos. Consistent with previous data, Amerindian ancestry in the Southern Mexican groups was higher compared to Northern ones. CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican population exhibits regional differences in functional polymorphisms of inflammatory-response genes, as observed for other genetic markers. This information constitutes a reference for epidemiological studies that include these genetic markers to assess the susceptibility of the Mexican population to several immune-response-related diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and renal disease, which have been shown to be common in the Mexican population but with prevalence differences within this country.

A Family History of Diabetes Modifies the Association between Elevated Urine Albumin Concentration and Hyperglycemia in Nondiabetic Mexican Adolescents.

We examined the frequency of elevated urine albumin concentration (UAC) and its association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and metabolic markers in 515 nondiabetic Mexican adolescents stratified by family history of diabetes (FHD). UAC was measured in a first morning urine sample and considered elevated when excretion was ≥20 mg/mL. MetS was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria. Fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and lipids were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Elevated UAC was present in 12.4% and MetS was present in 8.9% of the adolescents. No association was found between elevated UAC and MetS. Among adolescents with FHD, 18.4% were overweight and 20.7% were obese, whereas, among those without a FHD, 15.9% were overweight and 7.5% were obese. Hyperglycemia was higher in those with elevated UAC than in those without (44.4% versus 5.1%, p = 0.003). Hyperglycemia (OR = 9.8, 95% CI 1.6-59.4) and number of MetS components (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 1.5-13.3) were independently associated with elevated UAC. Among female participants, abdominal obesity was associated with elevated UAC (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 1.2-16.9). Conclusion. Elevated UAC was associated neither with MetS nor with any metabolic markers in nondiabetic adolescents. However, FHD modified the association of elevated UAC with hyperglycemia and the number of MetS components.

Association of polymorphisms of genes involved in lipid metabolism with blood pressure and lipid values in mexican hypertensive individuals.

Hypertension and dyslipidemia exhibit an important clinical relationship because an increase in blood lipids yields an increase in blood pressure (BP). We analyzed the associations of seven polymorphisms of genes involved in lipid metabolism (APOA5 rs3135506, APOB rs1042031, FABP2 rs1799883, LDLR rs5925, LIPC rs1800588, LPL rs328, and MTTP rs1800591) with blood pressure and lipid values in Mexican hypertensive (HT) patients. A total of 160 HT patients and 160 normotensive individuals were included. Genotyping was performed through PCR-RFLP, PCR-AIRS, and sequencing. The results showed significant associations in the HT group and HT subgroups classified as normolipemic and hyperlipemic. The alleles FABP2 p.55T, LIPC -514T, and MTTP -493T were associated with elevated systolic BP. Five alleles were associated with lipids. LPL p.474X and FABP2 p.55T were associated with decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C, respectively; APOA5 p.19W with increased HDL-C; APOA5 p.19W and FABP2 p.55T with increased triglycerides; and APOB p.4181K and LDLR c.1959T with decreased triglycerides. The APOB p.E4181K polymorphism increases the risk for HT (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.17-2.93; P = 0.001) under the dominant model. These findings indicate that polymorphisms of lipid metabolism genes modify systolic BP and lipid levels and may be important in the development of essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Mexican HT patients.

[Physical activity, sedentary behavior and quality of life in undergraduate adolescents of Ciudad Guzman, State of Jalisco, Mexico]. / Actividad física, conductas sedentarias y calidad de vida en adolescentes universitarios de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México.

With the aim of evaluating the association between physical activity and sedentary behavior with quality of life (QoL) in undergraduate students of Ciudad Guzman, state of Jalisco, Mexico, a total of 881 adolescents aged between 17 and 19 were studied. Online questionnaires were used, namely the research version of the Youth Quality of Life Instrument and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Odd ratios (OR) were obtained using simple and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The number of days with physical activity was related to a higher total perceptual score, higher general QoL domain, higher self domain as well as higher environment domain. Playing in > 2 sports teams was related to a higher total perceptual score, higher general QoL domain, higher self domain as well as higher environment domain. Having 4-5 physical education classes/week was related with a higher general QoL domain. Limiting recreational screen time to < 2 hours/day was related with a higher relationship domain. In conclusion, in Mexican undergraduate adolescent students, higher QoL was associated with: physical activity at least 4 days/week; physical education classes 4 or more days/week; playing in 2 or more sports teams and limiting recreational screen time to 2 hours or less.

Actividad física, conductas sedentarias y calidad de vida en adolescentes universitarios de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México / Physical activity, sedentary behavior and quality of life in undergraduate adolescents of Ciudad Guzman, State of Jalisco, Mexico

Con el objeto de evaluar la asociación de la actividad física y conductas sedentarias con la calidad de vida en universitarios en Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México, se estudiaron 881 adolescentes de 17-19 años de edad. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios en línea: Youth Quality of Life Instrument Research versión y el Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Se obtuvo razón de momios [RM] mediante regresión logística simple y múltiple. El número de días de actividad física se relacionó con el índice total superior, dominios general superior, personal superior y ambiental superior. Jugar en > 2 equipos deportivos se relacionó con el índice total superior, dominio general superior, dominio personal superior y dominio ambiental superior. Tener 4-5 clases de educación física a la semana se relacionó con el dominio general superior. Pasar dos o menos horas al día frente a la pantalla se relacionó con el dominio relacional superior. En conclusión, en los universitarios adolescentes mexicanos se asoció a indicadores de mejor calidad de vida, el realizar actividad física 4 o más días a la semana, asistir a clases de educación física 4 o 5 semanales, participar en 2 o más equipos deportivos y pasar menos de 2 horas diarias horas frente a pantallas en actividades recreativas.

With the aim of evaluating the association between physical activity and sedentary behavior with quality of life (QoL) in undergraduate students of Ciudad Guzman, state of Jalisco, Mexico, a total of 881 adolescents aged between 17 and 19 were studied. Online questionnaires were used, namely the research version of the Youth Quality of Life Instrument and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Odd ratios (OR) were obtained using simple and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The number of days with physical activity was related to a higher total perceptual score, higher general QoL domain, higher self domain as well as higher environment domain. Playing in > 2 sports teams was related to a higher total perceptual score, higher general QoL domain, higher self domain as well as higher environment domain. Having 4-5 physical education classes/week was related with a higher general QoL domain. Limiting recreational screen time to < 2 hours/day was related with a higher relationship domain. In conclusion, in Mexican undergraduate adolescent students, higher QoL was associated with: physical activity at least 4 days/week; physical education classes 4 or more days/week; playing in 2 or more sports teams and limiting recreational screen time to 2 hours or less.

Interleukin-6 polymorphisms are associated with obesity and hyperglycemia in Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory response mediator used as a metabolic marker of obesity. Polymorphisms IL6 -597C>A, -572G>C, and -174G>C modify the production of this protein. The associations between these haplotypes and obesity or metabolic markers have not been studied in adolescents, so an analysis of these associations was performed. METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 745 apparently healthy 14- to 19-year-old adolescents. Obesity, serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were evaluated, and IL6 -597G>A, -572G>C and -174G>C polymorphisms determined. The associations were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: The allele frequencies were 0.15 for -597A and -174C and 0.30 for -572C. Genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. IL-6(-597/-572/-174) haplotypes GGG, GCG, and AGC comprised 99.74% of the total haplotypes. The associations were significant between genotype GCG/GCG and hyperglycemia (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.02-7.97); between GCG/GCG and high hs-CRP (OR = 6.17, 95% CI = 1.13-33.77); between AGC/AGC and obesity (OR = 4.42, 95% CI = 1.40-14.01); and between GGG/GCG and low HDL-C (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.03-2.28). CONCLUSIONS: Genotypes of the IL6(-597/-572/-174) polymorphisms are associated with metabolic risk factors in Mexican adolescents.

The effects of social networks on tobacco use among high-school adolescents in Mexico / Efectos de redes sociales sobre el uso de tabaco en adolescentes de preparatoria en México

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of centrality in social network positions on tobacco-use among high-school adolescents in Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal sociometric social network data were collected among 486 high-school adolescents in 2003 and 399 in 2004. The survey included: social network components, smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Social network measures of centrality were calculated and multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: Ever used tobacco (OR= 44.98), marginalized-low stratum (OR= 2.16) and in-degree (OR=1.10) predicted tobacco use. Out-degree (OR= 0 .89) and out-in-degree (OR= 0.90) protected against tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Nominating more friends rather than receiving such nominations was protective for tobacco use. Popular students, those receiving many nominations, were at higher risk for tobacco use. Involvement of leaders with capacity to influence might be an efficient strategy for dissemination of preventive messages.

OBJETIVO: Identificar el efecto de posiciones de centralidad de la red social sobre el uso de tabaco en adolescentes de preparatoria en Tonalá, Jalisco. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal de redes sociales sociométricas. Participaron 486 bachilleres (2003) y 399 (2004). La encuesta incluyó: componentes de redes sociales, tabaquismo y características sociodemográficas. Se calcularon medidas de centralidad de redes sociales y utilizó regresión logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: El consumo alguna vez de tabaco (RM= 44.98), estrato socioeconómico marginado-bajo (RM= 2.16) y vínculos recibidos (RM=1.10) predijeron el tabaquismo; mientras que los vínculos enviados (RM= 0.89) y la diferencia entre vínculos enviados y recibidos (RM= 0.90) protegieron contra el tabaquismo. CONCLUSIÓN: Nombrar más amigos que ser nombrado por otros protegió contra el tabaquismo. Los estudiantes populares, aquellos con muchos nombramientos, tuvieron mayor riesgo de ser consumidores. La inclusión de líderes con influencia podría ser una estrategia eficiente en la diseminación de mensajes preventivos.

The effects of social networks on tobacco use among high-school adolescents in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of centrality in social network positions on tobacco-use among high-school adolescents in Tonala, Jalisco, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal sociometric social network data were collected among 486 high-school adolescents in 2003 and 399 in 2004. The survey included: social network components, smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Social network measures of centrality were calculated and multivariate logistic regression was used. RESULTS: Ever used tobacco (OR= 44.98), marginalized-low stratum (OR= 2.16) and in-degree (OR=1.10) predicted tobacco use. Out-degree (OR= 0 .89) and out-in-degree (OR= 0.90) protected against tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Nominating more friends rather than receiving such nominations was protective for tobacco use. Popular students, those receiving many nominations, were at higher risk for tobacco use. Involvement of leaders with capacity to influence might be an efficient strategy for dissemination of preventive messages.

Sobrepeso medido por IMC o percibido y comportamientos de control del peso en adolescentes universitarios de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México

El objetivo fue evaluar las asociaciones entre comportamientos de control de peso y sobrepeso medido por IMC, sobrepeso percibido o percepción errónea del peso en adolescentes por género. Participaron 492 adolescentes universitarios de 17 a 19 años de edad. Se utilizó un cuestionario auto aplicado en línea y se midió peso y estatura. Los análisis estadísticos incluyeron kappa ponderada y regresión logística multivariada. La concordancia entre el peso percibido y el medido por IMC fue 78.7% y la kappa ponderada=0.62. Los adolescentes que percibieron sobrepeso intentaron con más frecuencia bajar de peso, hacer ejercicio y comer menos alimentos que los que tenían sobrepeso medido por IMC. Una cuarta parte intentó bajarlo aún sin percibir o tener sobrepeso real. La posibilidad de tratar de bajar de peso fue mayor en hombres y mujeres con sobrepeso percibido (RM=18.7, IC 95% 6.3-55.3 y RM=10.4, IC 95% 4.5-24.2 respectivamente) y en mujeres que sobrestimaron el peso corporal (RM =6.0, IC 95% 2.8- 12.7). Hubo menos posibilidad de tratar de bajar peso cuando se subestimó el peso en hombres (RM = 0.03, IC 95% 0.01-0.12) y mujeres (RM=0.19, IC 95% 0.05-0.70). En conclusión, el comportamiento de bajar de peso se explica mejor en adolescentes en ambos géneros que percibían sobre peso y en mujeres que lo sobre estimaban, mientras que los hombres intentaron menos bajarlo si subestimaban su peso.

Perceived or BMI-measured overweight and weight controlbehaviors in undergraduate adolescents from Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México. The aim was to evaluate associations between weight control behaviorsand overweight measured by BMI, overweight perception or inaccurate weight perception. 492 undergraduate adolescents from 17 to 19 years old participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire on line was applied and weight and height were measured. Statistical analysis included weighted kappa and multivariate logistic regression. The concordance between weight perception and that evaluated by BMI was 78.7%, weight kappa = 0.62. Adolescents who perceived overweight tried to lose weight, exercised and ate less food more frequently than those who were overweight evaluated by BMI. A quarter tried to lose weight eventhough they did not perceive or were actually overweight.The odds of trying to lose weight were higher in men and women who perceived overweight (OR = 18.7,CI 95% 6.3-55.3and OR = 10.4, IC 95% 4.5-24.2, respectively) andwomen who overestimated overweight (OR = 6.0, CI 95% 2.8-12.7).The odds of tying to lose weight when weight was underestimated were less in men (OR = 0.03, CI 95% 0.01-0.12) and women (OR = 0.19, IC 95% 0.05-0.70). In conclusion the behavior of trying to lose weight was better explained among adolescents of both genders who perceived overweight and among girls who overestimated it.

[Perceived or BMI-measured overweight and weight control behaviors in undergraduate adolescents from Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México]. / Sobrepeso medido por IMC o percibido y comportamientos de control del peso en adolescentes universitarios de Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, México.

The aim was to evaluate associations between weight control behaviors and overweight measured by BMI, overweight perception or inaccurate weight perception. 492 undergraduate adolescents from 17 to 19 years old participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire on line was applied and weight and height were measured. Statistical analysis included weighted kappa and multivariate logistic regression. The concordance between weight perception and that evaluated by BMI was 78.7%, weight kappa = 0.62. Adolescents who perceived overweight tried to lose weight, exercised and ate less food more frequently than those who were overweight evaluated by BMI. A quarter tried to lose weight eventhough they did not perceive or were actually overweight. The odds of trying to lose weight were higher in men and women who perceived overweight (OR = 18.7, CI 95% 6.3-55.3 and OR = 10.4, IC 95% 4.5-24.2, respectively) andwomen who overestimated overweight (OR = 6.0, CI 95% 2.8-12.7). The odds of tying to lose weight when weight was underestimated were less in men (OR = 0.03, CI 95% 0.01-0.12) and women (OR = 0.19, IC 95% 0.05-0.70). In conclusion the behavior of trying to lose weight was better explained among adolescents of both genders who perceived overweight and among girls who overestimated it.

Influence of CRP, IL6, and TNFA gene polymorphisms on circulating levels of C-reactive protein in Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity correlates with a chronic and low-grade inflammation status. C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement has been used as an independent risk marker for future cardiovascular events. CRP level shows interindividual variability due to environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to assess the association of functional polymorphisms on CRP, IL6, and TNFA genes with serum CRP levels in Mexican mestizo adolescents. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, and genotypes for CRP+1444C>T, IL6-174G>C, and TNFA-308G>A polymorphisms were obtained from 418 unrelated Mexican adolescents. Genetic association with hsCRP levels was evaluated by means of a dominant genetic model with uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies for all three polymorphisms were according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). CRP+1444T, TNFA-308A, and IL6-174C allele frequencies were 37, 7, and 10%, respectively. CRP+1444T was associated with higher mean CRP levels independent of age, gender and BMI (ß = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.02-0.39); p = 0.030). IL6-174C was associated with low CRP levels in the overweight group (p = 0.005). IL6-174G>C and TNFA-308G>A allele frequencies observed from this Mexican sample were similar to data for other Mexican populations. CONCLUSIONS: The CRP+1444C>T polymorphism was associated with CRP levels in Mexican adolescents and could be used as a genetic marker for the early detection of individuals at risk for developing obesity-related conditions such as cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus in early adulthood.